Understanding the ABCDEs of Melanoma for Early Detection

Dermatologist screening for skin cancer

A patient undergoing a skin check for skin cancer with the dermatologist using a dermatoscope.

Introduction

Melanoma, a form of skin cancer that arises from pigment-producing cells known as melanocytes, can be effectively treated if detected early. The ABCDE rule is a helpful guide for monitoring moles and other skin lesions for the signs and symptoms of melanoma skin cancer. Let's examine each component of this life-saving mnemonic in detail.

A is for Asymmetry

Asymmetry is a key indicator in the early detection of melanoma. If you draw a line through a mole, the two halves will usually match in a benign mole. In the case of a melanoma, the two halves sometimes will not match, indicating asymmetry. This is one of the first signs dermatologists look for, and it's something you can easily check during a self-exam (1,2).

B is for Border

A benign mole typically has smooth, even borders, while the borders of an early melanoma tend to be uneven. The edges may be scalloped, notched, or irregular, and the pigment may spread into the surrounding skin. If you notice the borders of a mole becoming more blurred or irregular, it's time to consult a dermatologist (1).

C is for Color

Having more than one color in one mole is another warning signal. Several different shades of brown, tan, or black could possibly appear in a single melanoma skin cancer. Melanomas may also start to become lighter again, which many people mistake as a good sign, but is actually a concerning sign. If a mole is changing color or appears drastically different from your other moles, it's a critical sign to seek medical advice (2).

D is for Diameter

A mole with these features becomes more concerning when it grows larger in diameter than the size of a pencil eraser (¼ inch or about 6mm), but melanomas may be smaller in earlier stages of the cancer. Any growth in a mole, or the development of a new mole that grows quickly, should be evaluated by a professional (3).

E is for Evolving

Generally, new mole development stops around your early 30s. If you develop a new mole after that, that is a sign it should be looked at. It is a common misconception that melanomas arise more in pre-existing moles, but the reality is they generally start off as a new spot. Having said that, there is still a significant percentage of melanomas that develop within moles that have been there for a long time.

Any change in size, shape, color, or elevation of a spot on your skin, or any new symptom such as bleeding, itching, or crusting, points to danger. The E in the ABCDE rule stands for evolving: Look for changes over time. Moles that evolve or change in any way can be a sign of melanoma and should be reviewed by a dermatologist (1,2).

Utilizing the ABCDE Rule in Self-Examinations

Regular self-examinations using the ABCDE rule can help you detect melanoma early, when it is most treatable. Take note of new moles or growths, and keep an eye on existing moles. If you observe any changes or if your moles have any of the ABCDE characteristics, make an appointment with a skin cancer specialist.

Cancerous Moles and Skin Checks

Regular skin checks by a professional can complement your self-exams, especially for individuals at higher risk of melanoma, such as those with a personal or family history of skin cancer, excessive UV exposure, or a large number of moles. Early stages of melanoma can resemble normal moles, making professional evaluation vital. Dermatologists can also provide guidance on melanoma cancer stages and therapies for melanoma (3).

Conclusion: The Vital Role of Self-Examination

Early detection is crucial in melanoma treatment. By familiarizing yourself with the ABCDEs of melanoma detection, you can take an active role in monitoring your skin for signs of this cancer and skin changes. At Rixis Dermatology, our team is dedicated to providing comprehensive care for melanoma, from initial screening to advanced treatment options for melanoma skin cancer. In later stages, including metastatic melanoma, we work closely with oncologists and surgical oncologists in the community.

If you are not sure and think one of your spots might meet one or more of these criteria, it is always better to get it checked out than to assume that it is OK. We always prefer to give patients good news than catch something later than we should. Even if your annual skin check is not due for several months, you can also schedule a "spot check" to get a new spot looked at.

For personalized care and professional guidance on melanoma symptoms and treatment, reach out to Rixis Dermatology. Remember, your vigilance can make a significant difference in the early detection and successful treatment of melanoma.

References:

1. DermNet NZ. Melanoma: https://dermnetnz.org/topics/melanoma.

2. American Academy of Dermatology. Melanoma: Symptoms: https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/skin-cancer/types/common/melanoma/symptoms.

3. Cleveland Clinic. Melanoma: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14391-melanoma.